{"id":40167,"date":"2019-06-23T20:54:37","date_gmt":"2019-06-23T17:54:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/omathimatikos.gr\/?p=40167"},"modified":"2019-07-26T09:10:48","modified_gmt":"2019-07-26T06:10:48","slug":"%ce%bf%ce%b9-20-%cf%80%ce%bb%ce%ac%ce%bd%ce%b5%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%bd%cf%8c%cf%82-%cf%88%ce%b7%cf%86%ce%bf%cf%86%cf%8c%cf%81%ce%bf%cf%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/omathimatikos.gr\/?p=40167","title":{"rendered":"\u039f\u03b9 20 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03bf\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac. \u03a8\u03b7\u03c6\u03bf\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2; \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2; \u03a3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9!<\/p>\n

\u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b2\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (cognitive bias & distortions).<\/p>\n

\u039f \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9. \u039a\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ba\u03bb\u03ad\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b2\u03b1 & \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1.<\/p>\n

\u039f \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c7\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c8\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n

\u039f  \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03bf\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n

\u0391\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 20 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

1. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 (Choice-Supportive Bias). <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae, \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c8\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u0384 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bd\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae.  \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1  \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 (\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2)<\/p>\n

\u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2. \u0388\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5; \u03a4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2! \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

2. \u0397 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c6\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Confirmation Bias) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0397 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cb\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 , \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd.  \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b2\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n

\u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5  sites & \u03b5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u0384 \u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03bfo\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

3. \u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b5\u03be\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (self-serving bias) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u03a0\u03b7\u03b3\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u201c\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u201d \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n

\u0388\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf. \u03a4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2; \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

4. \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03af\u03b1 \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 (Availability bias) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0388\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 & \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1.<\/p>\n

\u0397 \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b6\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

5. \u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 (Blind-Spot Bias)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2). \u0394\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1 \u00ab\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u00bb \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03c5\u03c0\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03af\u03b1 (\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ad\u03be\u03c5\u03c0\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

6. \u0391\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 (Anchoring Bias)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00ab\u039a\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u00bb \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd.
\n(\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03be\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u2026)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u038c\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03af\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7.\u00bb. \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

7. \u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 (Ingroup bias) <\/b><\/p>\n

\u0397 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 (\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0394\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bf \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n

\u0392\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03c5\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf: \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03af (\u03ba\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9;)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

8. \u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\/\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

9. \u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u039a\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2. \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u2013 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac<\/p>\n

\u0388\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ae\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5   J. E. Asch;<\/strong>. \u039f \u0391sch \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2. <\/strong>\u039f\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u2013\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

10. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (False consensus effect) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0397 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u039c\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

11. \u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 (overconfidence effect)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5. \u0397 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

12. \u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ae \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b7. \u039f \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

13. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Fundamental attribution error) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u038e\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u00bb \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Ultimate attribution error) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0397 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2. \u0391\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2!<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u0388\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c9\u03c1\u03ad \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u00bb \u03bf\u03b9 \u2026\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2\/\u2026\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 . \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u00ab\u03b2\u03cd\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u00bb, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03cd\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u00ab\u03bf\u03ba, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u00bb)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

14. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 (Stereotyping)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u03a4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf.<\/p>\n

15. \u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 (Overgeneralization)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b2\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2<\/p>\n

\u03c0.\u03c7. \u00ab\u039c\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ac\u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u00bb \u00ab\u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2\u00bb \u00ab\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u00bb.<\/p>\n

16. \u039c\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd (Catastrophizing) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd (Discounting the positive)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0397 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03b1\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

17. \u03a6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u00abstatus quo\u00bb (Status quo bias)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0397 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ae \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf<\/p>\n

18. \u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u038c\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5, \u03bf \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b3\u03b9\u2019 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n

\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\u2026<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

19. To \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd (Spacing effect) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 (the illusion<\/em> of truth)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 .<\/p>\n

\u0397 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 (\u03c0\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c2  \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ae \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af), \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c0\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1.<\/p>\n

20. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Hostile media effect)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0397 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u039c\u039c\u0395 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u039f\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b7 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/strong>\u2026\u201d \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u03a0\u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ae \u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2. \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9.<\/p>\n

\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac (\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9), \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03af \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c8\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03bf\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9.<\/p>\n

\u03a4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9. \u0393\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac!<\/p>\n

***<\/strong><\/p>\n

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