{"id":43282,"date":"2019-11-02T12:56:29","date_gmt":"2019-11-02T10:56:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/omathimatikos.gr\/?p=43282"},"modified":"2019-10-29T13:36:17","modified_gmt":"2019-10-29T11:36:17","slug":"%cf%84%ce%bf-%cf%80%ce%b1%cf%81%ce%ac%ce%b4%ce%bf%ce%be%ce%bf-%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%85-%ce%bc%cf%80%ce%ad%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%bb%ce%b5%cf%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/omathimatikos.gr\/?p=43282","title":{"rendered":"\u03a4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b5\u03ca"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u03a4\u03bf\u00a0\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b5\u03ca<\/b>\u00a0(Bentley<\/i>) \u03ae\u00a0\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd <\/b>\u039d\u03cc\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd – \u0396\u03b5\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u00a0(Neumann – Seeliger<\/i>) \u03ae\u00a0\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u00a0\u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u0388\u03bb\u03be\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u0399\u03c3\u03b1\u03ac\u03ba \u039d\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1\u00a0\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u00a0\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd\u00a0\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. <\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039d\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2,<\/sup>\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2\u00a0\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u00a01916\u00a0\u03bf\u00a0\u0386\u03b9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03ca\u03bd\u00a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u00a0\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2\u00a0\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf,<\/sup>\u00a0\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u00a0\u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u00a0\u03c4\u03bf 1929 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

<\/span>\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7<\/span><\/h2>\n

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\u0388\u03bb\u03be\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0\u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03be\u03b7\u03c2<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0397 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u039d\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc, \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2\u00a0\u03b8\u03b5\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2<\/a>\u00a0\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b5\u03af, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0398\u03b5\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1.[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

<\/span>19\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/h2>\n

\"\u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03bb<\/a>\"\u03a7\u03bf\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf<\/a><\/h2>\n

\u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03bb \u039d\u03cc\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd<\/a> \u00a0\u03a7\u03bf\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf \u03c6\u03bf\u03bd \u0396\u03b5\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1<\/a><\/h2>\n
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\u03a4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u00a01894\u00a0\u03bc\u03b5\u00a01896, \u03bf\u03b9 \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2\u00a0\u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03bb \u039d\u03cc\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u00a0(Carl Neumann<\/i>) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0\u03a7\u03bf\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf \u03c6\u03bf\u03bd \u0396\u03b5\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u00a0(Hugo von Seeliger<\/i>) \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u00a0\u0395\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7\u00a0\u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u00a0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u00a0\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u00a0(gravitational potential<\/i>) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf.<\/sup><\/p>\n

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\n
<\/div>\n

\u0391\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u00a0\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0391\u03bd \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0\u03c1<\/i>\u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf\u00a0\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u00a0\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7\u00a0\u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd (Poisson):<\/p>\n

{\\displaystyle \\Delta \\varphi =-4\\pi G\\rho }<\/span>\"\\Delta<\/span>,<\/p>\n

\u038c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 G \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd\u00a0\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac. \u0397 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2:<\/p>\n

{\\displaystyle \\varphi =-G\\int {\\frac {\\rho dV}{r}}+C}<\/span>\"\\varphi<\/span>,<\/p>\n

\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0r<\/i>\u00a0\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5<\/a>\u00a0dV<\/i>\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u00a0\u03c6,\u00a0<\/i>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0C<\/i>\u00a0\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03b8\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac.<\/p>\n

\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf r, \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 ({\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{r^{2}}}}<\/span>\"{\\frac<\/span>). \u0391\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0396\u03b5\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u00a0\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf<\/a>\u00a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03b8\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2.<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u039f \u0396\u03b5\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b7 \u039d\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n

<\/span>\u0391\u03c0\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a019\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u00a020\u03cc \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u00a0\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1.<\/p>\n

<\/span>\u0392\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>\"\"<\/a><\/h3>\n
\n
\n
\n
<\/div>\n

\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2\u00a0[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u039f \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf \u039d\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b5\u03ca.[8]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc. \u039f \u0391\u03ca\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2. \u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\n

\u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u00a0\u03c6\u03c9\u03c2<\/a>\u00a0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/span>\u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/h3>\n
\n
\n
\n
<\/div>\n

\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2\u00a0\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u00a0\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u00a0\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0397\u00a0\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/i>\u00a0\u03ae\u00a0\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb<\/i>\u00a0\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a018\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1,\u00a0\u0393\u03b9\u03cc\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u039b\u03ac\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4, \u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf\u00a01761\u00a0\u03bf \u039b\u03ac\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u00a0\u039a\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/i>\u00a0(Cosmological letters on the structure of the Universe<\/i>), \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8’\u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n

\u03a4\u03bf 1908, \u03bf \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03b7\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2\u00a0\u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03bb \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u00a0(Carl Charlier<\/i>) \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03ac\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u00a0R_k<\/i>\u00a0\u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u00a0N_k<\/i>\u00a0\u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf:<\/p>\n

{\\displaystyle {\\frac {R_{k}}{R_{k-1}}}>{\\sqrt {N_{k}}}}<\/span>\"{\\frac<\/span>,<\/p>\n

\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 21\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 -\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac- \u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03bao\u03cd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd.<\/sup><\/p>\n

<\/span>\u03a4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u0388\u03bb\u03be\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/h3>\n
\n
\n
\"\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf:Newton<\/div>\n
\n
<\/div>\n

\u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u0395\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0397 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u0388\u03bb\u03be\u03b7\u03c2. \u039f \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2\u00a0\u0386\u03bf\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4 \u03a6\u03b5\u03c0\u03bb\u00a0(August F\u00f6ppl<\/i>) \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u00a01897<\/a>\u00a0\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1\u00a0\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f \u0386\u03b3\u03b3\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2\u00a0\u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03bb \u03a0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0(Karl Pearson<\/i>), \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1, \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u039f\u00a0\u039f\u03c5\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc \u03a4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0(\u039b\u03cc\u03c1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03ad\u03bb\u03b2\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c4\u03bf\u00a01884\u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7.<\/p>\n

\u039a\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u0395\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae.<\/sup>\u00a0\u0397 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae. \u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7. \u038c\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0\u03a3\u03b5\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n

\u039f\u03b9 \u0396\u03b5\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039d\u03cc\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5:<\/p>\n

{\\displaystyle F=G\\cdot {m_{1}\\cdot m_{2} \\over R^{2}}e^{-\\lambda R}}<\/span>\"F=G\\cdot<\/span><\/p>\n

\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae, \u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2\u00a0{\\displaystyle e^{-\\lambda R}}<\/span>\"e^{{-\\lambda<\/span>\u00a0\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u039d\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7. \u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0{\\displaystyle \\lambda }<\/span>\"\\lambda<\/span>\u00a0\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae, \u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0\u0391\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2,\u00a0\u0393\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0\u0386\u03c1\u03b7, \u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n

<\/span>\u0386\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u03a5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae, \u03ae \u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n

\u0397 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0\u03bc\u03b7 \u0395\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a01870<\/a>. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03be\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7 \u0395\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 -\u0388\u03c1\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4 \u03a3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u00a0(Ernst Christian Julius Schering<\/i>),\u00a0\u0392\u03af\u03bb\u03c7\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc \u039a\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u00a0(Wilhelm Killing<\/i>), \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u00a0\u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03bb \u03a3\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b6\u03ac\u03b9\u03bb\u03bd\u03c4<\/a>\u00a0(Karl Schwarzschild<\/i>) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0\u0391\u03bd\u03c1\u03af \u03a0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n
\n
<\/div>\n

\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd\u00a0\u0395\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0\u03bc\u03b7 \u0395\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u039f \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2\u00a0\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb \u03a3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c2\u00a0(Paul Scouts<\/i>) \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2\u00a0\u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1.<\/p>\n

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