{"id":45625,"date":"2020-02-20T18:04:26","date_gmt":"2020-02-20T16:04:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/omathimatikos.gr\/?p=45625"},"modified":"2020-02-19T08:22:22","modified_gmt":"2020-02-19T06:22:22","slug":"%cf%84%ce%bf-%ce%b8%ce%b5%cf%8e%cf%81%ce%b7%ce%bc%ce%b1-%cf%84%cf%89%ce%bd-%cf%84%ce%b5%cf%83%cf%83%ce%ac%cf%81%cf%89%ce%bd-%cf%87%cf%81%cf%89%ce%bc%ce%ac%cf%84%cf%89%ce%bd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/omathimatikos.gr\/?p=45625","title":{"rendered":"\u00ab\u03a4\u03bf \u0398\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u00a0<strong>\u0398\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd,<\/strong>\u00a0\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u00a0<strong>\u0398\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong>\u00a0\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5\u00a0\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2\u00a0\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7, \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/h4>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0394\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a9\/Map_of_United_States_vivid_colors_shown.png\/220px-Map_of_United_States_vivid_colors_shown.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"198\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0397\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b7 \u0393\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b7 \u0393\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u039d\u03ad\u03bf \u039c\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u00a0\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u00a0\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u039a\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03a0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 23 \u039f\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1852, \u03bf \u03a6\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u0393\u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03c1\u03b9 (<strong>Francis Guthrie<\/strong>) , \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2\u00a0 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf University College \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03b3\u03b3\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u00a0 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1. \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac\u00a0 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u00a0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u0391\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u00a0 \u039d\u03c4\u03b5 \u039c\u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd (<strong>Augustus De Morgan<\/strong>) \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1. \u039f \u039d\u03c4\u03b5 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height=\"312\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u038c\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c6\u03c5\u0390\u03b1, \u03bf \u039d\u03c4\u03b5 \u039c\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd,\u00a0 \u00ab\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03c5\u03c0\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf 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\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9).<\/p>\n<p>\u039f\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u00a0 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u03a7\u03ac\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5: \u00ab\u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ce \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5.\u00bb<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" 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\u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2\u00a0 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/-niZLkQgbUcQ\/TYEh1YBn5QI\/AAAAAAAAALs\/Xn62T_T4EU4\/s320\/four_colour_theorem_promo.jpg?resize=238%2C238&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"238\" height=\"238\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u039f \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 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href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/-mIF65F6THnk\/TYEjmXfdfQI\/AAAAAAAAALw\/HNlo2q2tw1Y\/s1600\/1zl63br.jpg?ssl=1\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/-mIF65F6THnk\/TYEjmXfdfQI\/AAAAAAAAALw\/HNlo2q2tw1Y\/s1600\/1zl63br.jpg?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0391\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b7 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\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7. \u039f \u039a\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2\u00a0 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b9\u03c0\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7. \u0392\u03c1\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03bc\u03ae\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc .\u039f \u03a7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4 (<strong>Percy Heawood<\/strong>), \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u00a0\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7.<\/p>\n<h5>\u0391\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae<\/h5>\n<p>\u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b1 5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u00a0 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1;<\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 80 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae. \u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03ae\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 1976 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2\u00a0<strong>Kenneth Appel<\/strong>\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0<strong>Wolfgang Haken<\/strong>\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u00a0<strong>\u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u00a0Illinois<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thalesandfriends.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Kenneth-Appel-Dies_ml.jpg?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Kenneth Appel Dies_ml\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Kenneth Appel<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03ce\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bf \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u0393\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b6\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2\u00a0 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf scientific American \u03c4\u03bf 1975. \u039c\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7, \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7 110 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u00a0 5\u00a0 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u00a0<em><strong>mathematic<\/strong><\/em><strong>a<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 4 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1:<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/-OFqVU2NwIK8\/TYEj1cQB7LI\/AAAAAAAAAL0\/KB7xm_sA9uw\/s1600\/AprilFourColoring_900.gif?ssl=1\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/-OFqVU2NwIK8\/TYEj1cQB7LI\/AAAAAAAAAL0\/KB7xm_sA9uw\/s400\/AprilFourColoring_900.gif?resize=470%2C245&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"470\" height=\"245\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 2004 \u03bf\u03b9\u00a0<strong>Georges Gonthier<\/strong>\u00a0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Microsoft \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0<strong>Benjamin Werner<\/strong>\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf INRIA \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u00a0 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u00a0<strong>\u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u00a0<\/strong><em><strong>Coq<\/strong><\/em>, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a4\/Four_Colour_Planar_Graph.svg\/400px-Four_Colour_Planar_Graph.svg.png\" alt=\"\u00ce\u0091\u00cf\u0080\u00ce\u00bf\u00cf\u0084\u00ce\u00ad\u00ce\u00bb\u00ce\u00b5\u00cf\u0083\u00ce\u00bc\u00ce\u00b1 \u00ce\u00b5\u00ce\u00b9\u00ce\u00ba\u00cf\u008c\u00ce\u00bd\u00ce\u00b1\u00cf\u0082 \u00ce\u00b3\u00ce\u00b9\u00ce\u00b1 \u00ce\u00b8\u00ce\u00b5\u00cf\u0089\u00cf\u0081\u00ce\u00b7\u00ce\u00bc\u00ce\u00b1 \u00cf\u0084\u00ce\u00b5\u00cf\u0083\u00cf\u0083\u00ce\u00b1\u00cf\u0081\u00cf\u0089\u00ce\u00bd \u00cf\u0087\u00cf\u0081\u00cf\u0089\u00ce\u00bc\u00ce\u00b1\u00cf\u0084\u00cf\u0089\u00ce\u00bd\" width=\"538\" height=\"168\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>\u03a0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/mathhmagic.blogspot.com\/2011\/03\/blog-post_16.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1)\">http:\/\/mathhmagic.blogspot.com\/2011\/03\/blog-post_16.html<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"footnotes":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ 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