{"id":53424,"date":"2022-03-01T19:46:38","date_gmt":"2022-03-01T17:46:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/omathimatikos.gr\/?p=53424"},"modified":"2022-02-27T10:51:38","modified_gmt":"2022-02-27T08:51:38","slug":"%cf%80%cf%8e%cf%82-%ce%bc%cf%80%ce%bf%cf%81%ce%b5%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b5-%ce%bd%ce%b1-%ce%b5%ce%bb%ce%b1%cf%87%ce%b9%cf%83%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%80%ce%bf%ce%b9%ce%ae%cf%83%ce%b5%cf%84%ce%b5-%cf%84%ce%b7%ce%bd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/omathimatikos.gr\/?p=53424","title":{"rendered":"\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h3><span>\u03a6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae. \u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1; <\/span><\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/organisations\/defence-science-and-technology-laboratory\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>\u0395\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u0386\u03bc\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0(Dstl) \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gateway.newton.ac.uk\/event\/tgm108\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>\u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gateway.newton.ac.uk\/\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Newton Gateway for Mathematics<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0. \u0397 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1. \u039d\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>\u0391\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7. \u03a6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u00a0<\/span><em><span>ping<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 ping. \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 ping.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"centreimage\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/content\/sites\/plus.maths.org\/files\/articles\/2022\/stealth\/stealth1.png?resize=600%2C462&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"600\" height=\"462\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span>\u03a4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1 \u03c7\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 ping, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9. \u0395\u03c6\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf ping \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf ping (\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9), \u03bf \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf ping \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf ping. \u0397 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf ping \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"centreimage\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/content\/sites\/plus.maths.org\/files\/articles\/2022\/stealth\/stealth2.png?resize=400%2C226&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"400\" height=\"226\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 ping \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf. \u0397 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf ping \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span>\u03a4\u03bf \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 2D \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 3D, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span>\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>\u03a4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 ping \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf. \u0393\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf ping \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2,\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/8802602c9d066bd8f7fddaf9518629a9\/images\/img-0001.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$c$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 300.000 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03c9\u03c2 (\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03c9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2\u00a0<\/span><em><span>\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03bf \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf ping, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf ping \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7: \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf ping.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span>\u0394\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf ping \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5,\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/ceaecf19b0a7e9ca3508a14f5c55ec51\/images\/img-0001.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$c$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>, \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/ceaecf19b0a7e9ca3508a14f5c55ec51\/images\/img-0002.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$t$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>, \u03bf \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf ping \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"a0000000002\" class=\"equation\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"7\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/ceaecf19b0a7e9ca3508a14f5c55ec51\/images\/img-0003.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\\[ d=t\\ \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 c. \\]\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td class=\"eqnnum\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span>\u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/99c8b131c2101436898200f021c707b7\/images\/img-0001.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$d$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf (\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2) \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/bae4dc979176c382d56071cc9057ddc2\/images\/img-0001.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$d$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>. \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u0388\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af: \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u00a0<\/span><em><span>\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u039f \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2. \u0391\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/c19f0542801941776daf191bd52341b2\/images\/img-0001.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$T$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/c19f0542801941776daf191bd52341b2\/images\/img-0002.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$R$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf 2D \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/c19f0542801941776daf191bd52341b2\/images\/img-0003.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$d$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/c19f0542801941776daf191bd52341b2\/images\/img-0001.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$T$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/c19f0542801941776daf191bd52341b2\/images\/img-0002.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$R$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>. \u03a4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/c19f0542801941776daf191bd52341b2\/images\/img-0001.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$T$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/c19f0542801941776daf191bd52341b2\/images\/img-0002.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$R$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/c19f0542801941776daf191bd52341b2\/images\/img-0003.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$d$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/c19f0542801941776daf191bd52341b2\/images\/img-0001.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$T$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/c19f0542801941776daf191bd52341b2\/images\/img-0002.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$R$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0<\/span><em><span>\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"centreimage\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/content\/sites\/plus.maths.org\/files\/articles\/2022\/stealth\/stealth3.png?resize=400%2C349&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"400\" height=\"349\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/5b3a5fb582948c4b4bad1fc6fc517f92\/images\/img-0001.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$T$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"math gen\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/MI\/5b3a5fb582948c4b4bad1fc6fc517f92\/images\/img-0002.png?w=700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"$R$\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd. \u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bf \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf ping \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af, \u03bf \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7, \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2. \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf. (\u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mathworld.wolfram.com\/Ellipse.html\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>\u03b5\u03b4\u03ce<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u03a4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd ping. \u0391\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd. \u03a4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf, \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 (\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc, \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2). \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geogebra.org\/?lang=en-GB\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Geogebra<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0) \u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2973334?seq=2#metadata_info_tab_contents\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf<\/span><\/a><span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1: \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"centreimage\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/content\/sites\/plus.maths.org\/files\/articles\/2022\/stealth\/stealth4.png?resize=600%2C419&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"600\" height=\"419\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u039c\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. \u0398\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u2014 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf ping \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"centreimage\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/content\/sites\/plus.maths.org\/files\/articles\/2022\/stealth\/stealth5.png?resize=600%2C508&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"600\" height=\"508\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7: \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 ping \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03be\u03c5\u03c0\u03bd\u03b1, \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 ping \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u03a0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b5\u03b4\u03ce \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf ping \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf ping \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spheroid\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span>\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03c2<\/span><\/em><\/a><span>\u00a0\u2014 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03b4\u03ce \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span>\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03be\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radiation-absorbent_material\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 ping \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bf<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u03a6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 ping \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b8\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03c3\u03ac\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2: \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b3\u03ac, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"centreimage\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/plus.maths.org\/content\/sites\/plus.maths.org\/files\/articles\/2022\/stealth\/stealth6.png?resize=400%2C405&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"400\" height=\"405\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><span>\u03a4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf ping \u03be\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf. \u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf ping \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03be\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf ping, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd &#8220;\u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd&#8221; \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 Newton Gateway, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9, \u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 ping. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 (\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7) \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 ping \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 . \u03a3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd ping, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03be\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span>\u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 Newton Gateway \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ce. \u03a4\u03bf \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 ping \u03bc\u03b5 100% \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 100% \u03c3\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf ping \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u039f\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/plus.maths.org\/content\/maths-minute-bayes-theorem\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 Bayes<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1) \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf ping) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bf) .<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0397 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 Newton Gateway \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u2014 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac, \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2. \u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u00bb \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf, \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03cd\u03be\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 (\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 5G). \u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf Newton Gateway \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf DSTL \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/plus.maths.org\/content\/=%22https:\/\/www.paconsulting.com\/%22\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>PA Consulting<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9, \u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 2.000 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae: <a 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